Persistent Left Vena Cava Superior Draining Directly to the Left Atrium and Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

Contrast application protocol
Note. The biphasic contrast application was modified for injection of contrast agent in both arms by the use of a T-adapter (see figure 5). The flow rate of the contrast agent was increased two-fold while the total amount of contrast agent was kept constant compared to our standard chest pain protocol.

total amount:                    120 mL Visipaque 320 (320 mg iodine / mL)
biphasic application:

• 1st phase : 100 mL contrast agent
• 2nd phase: 20 mL contrast agent + 80 mL saline solution

flow rate:                             9 mL / sec (both contrast phases)

See corresponding case: Persistent Left Vena Cava Superior Draining Directly to the Left Atrium and Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return